Communism And The Cold War Essay - 1127 Words

Throughout United States history, there has not been a more prominent and long lasting threat like the one of communism. It has been a threat to the democratic and capitalist ideals of the U.S. since before World War I, throughout the Cold War and is still until this day. When one thinks about communism, you conjure up images of the Red Scare that the Soviet Union induced and of other dictatorships throughout the western hemisphere and one might overlook the Marxist ideals that were being spread throughout our neighboring countries. These western countries were allies that the U.S. could not afford to lose during the Cold War. Latin America, which has many ties to the U.S., both geographically and politically, could pose a very strategic threat to the U.S. in its battle against communism. To understand Latin America’s communist history is to understand how much influence and intervention the U.S. had in the region during the Cold War. This report will serve to explain how comm unism spread to the western hemisphere, why the U.S. government had to stop that spread, and how they were able to stop many communist revolutions in Latin America. Before we explore the many U.S. interventions in Latin America, it is vital to understand why anti-imperialism was such a strong political force in the region. Everything started post WWII. As we all know, Latin American countries were one of the biggest allies and contributors to the U.S. during the war, lending them everything fromShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Between Communism And Communism1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States in W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, caused the United states government to use propaganda to raiseRead MoreThe Cold War Between Communism And Communism1382 Words   |  6 Pagesdemocracy and capitalism. However, Soviet Union, which was the only power that could rival the United States, claimed that communism could make the world more organized and ordered. Both countries hoped to expend their influences around the world, and their confliction generally turned to be a cold war, in other words, a battle between Capitalism and Communism. The cold war coincided with the civil rights movement in the Unit ed States and had a strong influence on Africa-Americans’ action of pursuingRead MoreThe Cold War : Communism And Capitalism997 Words   |  4 Pages The Cold War When the cold war began, no one thought that it would last as long as it did. 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Design Proposals That Architects Have Proposed Solve...

A scientific explanation of a parasite is an organism that lives on or in an organism of another species, known as the host, from the body of which it obtains nutriment. Similar to the insects, Parasitic Architecture can be defined as an adaptable, transient and exploitive form of architecture that forces relationships with host buildings in order to complete themselves. This form of architecture can be considered as an architectural intervention that transforms existing structures. This results in parasitic architecture providing a new perspective or definition to the public and potentially offers a new space. The parasite brings society and urban structures closer. The architecture has become an expression of a social demand or†¦show more content†¦Only later did parasites get their negative image of spongers. This negative association is still recognizable in the biological definition of parasitism as a symbiosis or coexistence in which the parasite has an advantage at the expense of its host†¦ The parasite is selfish since it does not return its host’s favor; it is parasitic for its own well being and gives its species an advantage in the long run. Parasitic architecture can be employed as a mediator between the changes in society on the one side and the urban systems on the other. The parasite is informal compared to its host. Therefore, the parasite can be used to stimulate and accommodate spontaneous processes and informal initiatives. This is achieved because the parasite provokes, explores and breaks open both physical and mental boundaries in order to offer opportunities for the elusive and new propositions. In this way, parasitic architecture can start a process of changes. In regards to homelessness, parasitic architecture could possibly be the new means of providing shelter for the homeless. New proposals set out by several architects show ways in which the homeless are being protected from the cold streets that they usually call ‘home’. Homelessness is a growing problem across the city of London, according to government statistics. In London, 742 rough sleepers were counted, accounting for 27% of the national figure. You usually spot a homeless person on the stairs and

Ethical Dilemna †Law Enforcement Free Essays

Incident Review 1. What is the ethical issue or problem? Identify the issue succinctly. The ethical issue would be rather to arrest the man for domestic violence or driving while intoxicated due to the test that the officers performed and what they observed. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemna – Law Enforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. What are the most important facts? Which facts have the most bearing on the ethical decision presented? Include any important potential economic, social, or political pressures, and exclude inconsequential facts. The most important facts is that the car was still warm and they observed the man drop something out of his pockets that looked like keys. The wife stated that she had not driven the vehicle all day and the man stated that he had not driven the car since he arrived 4 hours ago. The officer performed a sobriety test and a preliminary alcohol screening test which revealed that the man’s blood alcohol was twice the legal limit. There was also a domestic violence call which is the reason the officer responded to the house. 3. Identify each claimant (key actor) who has an interest in the outcome of this ethical issue. From the perspective of the moral agent—the individual contemplating an ethical course of action—what obligation is owed to the claimant? Why? Claimant (key actor) Obligation (owed to the claimant) Perspective (What does the claimant hope will happen?) Husband Fidelity, beneficence The husband is trying to avoid being arrested and wishes to be left alone by the officers. Wife Beneficence, non-injury The wife does not want to her husband to be arrested and does not want the help of the two officers Officer Nixon and Officer Nook Justice The officers are there to seek the truth and justice of the crimes that have been committed. Even though the case may be thrown out of court the officers do have the warmth of the car as evidence to present to the court. Society Justice Society wants to make sure that the wife gets help against her husband for domestic violence. Society also wants to make sure that the streets are safe and if the husband is behind the wheel at the double the legal limit of alcohol then he is putting himself and society in harm. Evaluating Alternatives 4. What are two alternatives for the scenario? One alternative can be a wild card that you ordinarily may not consider an option because of potential implications. Both should be within free will and control of the same moral agent. Alternative A Alternative B 5. Respond to the following questions based on your developed alternatives. Alternative A Alternative B What are the best- and worst-case scenarios if you choose this alternative? Will anyone be harmed if this alternative is chosen? If so, how will they be harmed? Consider families and derivative effects. Would honoring an idea or value—such as personal, professional, or religious—make the alternative invalid? Are there any rules, laws, or principles that support the alternative? Are there rules, laws, or principles that make the alternative invalid? State the rule or principle and indicate if it invalidates or supports the alternative. Applying Ethical Guidelines 6. Consider each ethical guideline and explain whether it would support or reject your alternative. Guidelines based on the action itself Alternative A Alternative B Should this alternative become a rule or policy that everyone in this situation should follow in similar situations in the future? (Kant) Does this alternative result in using any person as a means to an end without consideration for his or her basic integrity? (Kant) Is the intent of this action free from vested interest or ulterior motive? (Kant’s good will) Does this alternative demonstrate a genuine concern for others affected by the decision, and is the moral agency responding to a perceived need? Guidelines based on consequences Alternative A Alternative B Is the good that results from this alternative outweighed by the potential harm that might be done to others? (Mill’s harm principle) Is any harm brought about by anyone other than the moral agent? (causal harm) Will anyone be harmed who can be said to be defenseless? (paternalism) To what degree is this alternative based on the moral agent’s own best interest? (ethical egoism) Which alternative will generate the greatest benefit—or the least amount of harm—for the greatest number of people? Select only one alternative. (utilitarianism) Ethical Decision Making 7. Choose to proceed with either Alternative A or Alternative B and explain the reasons for your decision. How to cite Ethical Dilemna – Law Enforcement, Essays

Determination of Gravitational Acceleration

Question: Discuss about theDetermination of Gravitational Acceleration. Answer: Introduction Historical and Theoretical Basis behind the Determination of Gravitational Acceleration Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, believed that every motion or effect has a cause. The downward movement of heavy earthly elements is related to their nature which makes them to move downwards towards the center of the earth. Similarly, light objects are caused by their nature to move upwards to the inner spheres of the moon. In other words, Aristotle believed that heavy objects do not move towards center of the earth because of external force of gravity but rather because of their heaviness. However, Brahmagupta (an Indian mathematician and astronomer) held that because of the spherical shape of the earth, it attracts objects towards its center. Disputing Aristotle, Galileo discovered that all objects accelerate equally when falling. His findings were based on the assumption that if air resistance is negligible, all objects are assumed to fall at the same acceleration (Garg Kalimullah, Arun Lima, 2007). In the same century, Robert Hooke suggested that there is a force of gra vity that inversely varies with the square of their distances. Later, Kepler came up with three laws that govern the orbital movement of planets. His first law states that all planets move in an ellipse with the sun at one focal point, balanced from the center. Secondly, objects near the sun move faster than those farther away. And lastly, the planets distance from the sun determines the time it takes to revolve around the sun. Based on Keplers laws on the motion of planets, Isaac Newton sought to investigate the motion of all objects. He discovered that all falling objects follow the same principles as outlined in Keplers Laws. Apart from the laws of motion, Newton also suggested that all matter exerts a force called gravity that pulls matter towards its center and this force is dependent on the mass of the object and also wanes with distance. For instance, the Sun has higher gravity than the earth and the earth has more gravity than an apple. Newtons Law of gravity explains the earths movement around the sun. Ideally, the earth would move straight throughout the universe. However, this is not the case because the sun exerts its pull on the earth that forces the planet to move in elliptical orbit. Newtons theory on gravity has made it possible to explain the rise and fall of the ocean waters that occurs because earths gravitational pull on the moon. The force of gravity is responsible for the shape and structure of the earth. It is one of the fundamental parameters in physics that governs the motion of objects on the surface of the earth. In simple terms, earths gravity can be defined as the force with which the earth attracts objects towards its centers. It is also the rate at which a falling object increases in speed as it falls. A free falling object is able to move with a specific value of acceleration, known as gravitational acceleration and is denoted by letter g. Theoretically, this value was determined by Newton to be 9.8m/s. There are several ways that has been used by physicists to measure the acceleration due to gravity. Some of these ways have produce errors that compromise the final results. Recently, there have been new developments on the instruments used for measuring gravitational acceleration. The objective of these new developments is to reduce the errors that are common with scientific experiments (Cook 1957, pp. 34). According to Newtons principle, gravitational acceleration can be determined by computing the time t for a falling object through a given vertical distance by using the formula Y= ut +1/2gt2. .... .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .1 Where u= initial velocity of the object at the start of timing. If the objects falls from a stationary point then u=o and the equation reduces to y =1/2gt2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 In such experiments that involve free fall objects, determining the accurate time for the flight is a major challenge since there is no precise means of measuring the start time as one hold a stop watch on one hand and watching the falling object. As a result, the scale and clock does not provide the precision required in this experiments. Application of electronic devices seems to have solved the problem of timing. With electronic timer, the correct start and stop times can be obtained thus increasing accuracy and precision. In simple terms, Newtons law on force stipulates that force on an object depends on its mass and acceleration. In other words, force is a product of mass and acceleration (F = ma). Thus, for an object to experience acceleration, a force has to be applied to it. This is what Newtons Universal law of gravity states. The general formula as set by Isaac Newton for determining the force between two objects is given by F = GM1M2/ r2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Where G= gravitational constant M1 and M2 are the masses of the two objects, r = the distance between the two objects. In other words, force between two objects is obtained by multiplying the product of their masses with a constant, G and dividing by the square of the distance between them. When an object is near the earths surface, then the distance is presumed to be the radius of the earth. As a result, the above equation reduces to F = GmMe/re2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 In this case, the force depends purely on the mass of the object, since mass and radius of the earth are constant and it corresponds to the weight of the object on the earths surface. Therefore, Ma= GmMe/re2=mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Rearranging eq. 5 g= GMe/re2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 From equation 6, it is evident that gravitational acceleration is a constant since it depends on constant values. This equation was first determined by Galileo upon dropping cannonballs of different masses and realizing that they landed at the same time. His explanation was based on the fact that they experienced the same acceleration (acceleration due to gravity). Similarly, when a coin and a feather are both dropped simultaneously in a vacuum where there is no air resistance they land together. Overall, determining acceleration due to gravity we measure the time of travel from a stationary point and the distance travelled as shown in equation 2. Second Section Objective: To determine acceleration due to gravity using three different methods; ticker tape timing, stroboscopic analysis, and electronic timing. First Method: Ticker Tape Timing In this experiment, a length of ticker-tape is threaded in a ticker timer and attached to a trolley at one end. The trolley is pulled by a constant force along the bench. The elastic cord is looped on one end around a rod which is attached to the trolley. To keep the force constant, the cord is stretched by the same amount of force with which the trolley is pulled. The experiment is repeated several to improve on precision. This method is limited in accuracy because of friction of the tape as it passes through the ticker timer which reduces the rate of acceleration. This can be reduced by using larger mass but it also needs investigation. Results The experiment was done three times per student in the group. The timer runs at 50 dots per second. Thus, the period was 0.02s. Tape Number Initial position Final position Results (m/s2) 1 0.015 0.066 7.1875 2 0.0145 0.068 7.4306 3 0.02 0.082 7.75 Second method: Stroboscopic Analysis A camera was set up on a tripod directly in front of the stand with the electromagnet at the top of the frame. The position of the camera was adjusted appropriately so that at least one meter of fall was photographed. The strobe light was positioned so that the falling object would be illuminated from the side. With the apparatus fully set the flash rate of the strobe was adjusted to 25 flashes per second. After connecting the electromagnet to a power supply, the voltage was adjusted to hold the ball bearing. With the room lights off, the Camera aperture was opened wide to give a sharp view through viewfinder As the strobe light flashes, the cable release is depressed to open the shutter, the ball bearing was released by switching off the power supply. The shutter is then closed when the ball bearing finishes the fall. Results Trial C(m/s2) g(m/s2) 1 4.798 9.596 2 4.899 9.798 3 4.903 9.806 4 4.910 9.820 Third method: Electronic Timing The stand was set with electromagnet and then connected to power supply The voltage of the power supply was adjusted so that it held the steel strip vertically. At the base of the strip, the light beam was mounted just below where it could interrupt the beam (the adjustment is done cautiously so as not to interfere with initial velocity) The timer was reset to zero and the steel strip released by switching off the power supply to the electromagnet and timing recorded The experiment was repeated 4 times and each time results recorded The length of the strip was measured with much focus on accuracy Distance s (metres) Time(1/2t2) g 2.00 0.209 9.789 1.8 0.183 9.810 1.6 0.163 9.815 1.4 0.143 9.859 1.2 0.122 9.802 1.0 0.102 9.803 Discussion When using the ticker timer method, we noticed a few errors. First, the timer would start before the ball enter free fall causing smaller long elapse in time and subsequent low values of g. Secondly, the tape was not in parallel with the floor which caused a random deviation in elapse time. As a result, the value of g was way below the theoretical value. However, with a photogate the precision was highly increased with value nearing the theoretical value. In trial 4, the value was slightly higher possibly because the ball was dropped at an angle that reduced the distance, hence the high value. The electronic timer is the best of the three methods in precision since it provides a percentage error of 0.0009% Conclusion From experimental values, it is evident that gravitational acceleration is a constant since it depends on constant values. This support the preposition of Galileo that cannonballs of different masses falls at the same rate since they experienced the same acceleration (acceleration due to gravity). Similarly, when a coin and a feather are dropped in a vacuum where there is no air resistance they land together. This implies that determining acceleration due to gravity we measure the time of travel from a stationary point and the distance travelled which requires accuracy and precision in the instruments. Some errors noted in the values resulted from instruments. Reference List Bell, H 1916 A New Method for Determining G The Acceleration Due To Gravity. American Meteorological Society. Bill C 1990 Measurements of Acceleration Due to Gravity, Physics Teacher, v28 n5 p291-95 Cook AH 1957. Recent development in the absolute measurement of gravity. Bulletin Geodesique 34(1) 34-59. Fredrick JB 1975Introduction to Physics for Scientists and Engineers, USA: Von Hoffmann Press. Garg M, Kalimullah, Arun P and Lima FMS 2007, An accurate measurement of position and velocity of a falling object. American Journal of Physics 75(3) 254258. Gerald JH and Brush, SG 2001.Physics, the human adventure: from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond. NY: Rutgers University Press. Jewess M 2010 Optimizing the Acceleration Due To Gravity on a Planet's Surface. The Mathematical Gazette,Volume 94,Issue 530July 2010, pp. 203-215 Khongiang, L, Dkhar, A and Lato, S 2015. Accurate Determination of Acceleration Due To Gravity, G in Shillong Using Electronic Timer. Online International Journal available at https://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm Kurtus, R 2015 Overview of the Force of Gravity. Marson, I and Faller, JE 1986 G-The Acceleration Of Gravity: Its Measurement and Its Importance. Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments,Vol. 19,No. 1. Peters, A et al 1999 Measurement of gravitational acceleration by dropping atoms. Nature400, 849-852 Preston-Thomas, H et al 1960 an absolute measurement of the acceleration due to gravity at Ottawa. Canadian Journal of Physics, 1960, 38(6): 824-852 Wick, K and Ruddick, K 1999. An accurate measurement of g using falling balls. American Journal of Physics, 67(11) 962965. https://www.phy.gonzaga.edu/downloads/pdf/accel.pdf